General Knowledge for SSC Exams (Types Of Vitamins)

Water

• Important in digestion, transportation, excretion and to regulate body temperature (body contains 65% water).

Roughage

• Fibrous material present in the cell wall of plants.
• Mainly contains cellulose.
• It doesn’t provide energy but only helps in retaining water in the body.
• One of the common source is Daliya, which we eat in our homes.
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
• Its quantity is 6.8 litres in man and 500 ml less in woman.
• Constitutes 6-8% of body weight and has a pH of 7.4.

Blood Cells

They are of 3 types

Red Blood Corpuscles (Rbcs)

• Also called erythrocytes, disc-shaped, no nucleus, contains a pigment called Haemoglobin, which gives blood its red color and transports oxygen and carbon di oxide.
• Manufactured in Red Bone marr
• Life is of 120 days.
• No. of RBCs is 4.5-5 million/cubic mm. of blood.

White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs)

• Also called leucocytes, rounded, with a nucleus and far less numerous than RBCs (8,000 per cubic mm. of blood).
• Manufactured in Red Bone marrow.
• Act as the soldiers of body’s defence system.

Platelets

• Also called thrombocytes and are about 2,50,000 per cubic mm. of blood.
• Manufactured in Red Bone marrow.
• Help the blood to clot.

Blood Groupings

• Father of Blood Grouping: Karl Landsteiner.
• He discovered A, B and 0 blood groups.
• Decastello and Sturle discovered AB blood group.

Blood Group                 Can donate to                          Can receive from
A A,                             AB A,                                         O
B B,                             AB B,                                          O
AB AB A,                    B,                                                AB, O
O                                 A, B,                                            AB, O O

RH Factor

• It is a blood antigen found in RBC.
• A person can be Rh+ or Rh– depending upon the presence of Rh factor in RBC.
• Avery important point is Rh+ can receive blood from both Rh+ and Rh– but Rh– can receive blood from Rh– only.
• In world population, Rh+ are 85% and Rh- are 15%.
• Blood transfusion technique was developed by James Blundell.

Nervous System

• The nerves, the brain and the spinal cord constitute the nervous system.

• Nervous system controls and regulates the activities of all the other systems of the body.

Brain

• Brain is the main organ of the nervous system. It consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

Cerebrum

• It controls the voluntary actions and is the seat of intelligence.

• Its outer grey matter is the most important part.

Cerebellum

• It is concerned with equilibrium of the body and co-ordination of muscles.

Medulla Oblongata

• Lowest part of the brain and is connected with the spinal cord.

• It controls the involuntary actions..

Reflex Action

• It can be defined as the spontaneous response to the external stimuli.

• It is not co-ordinated by the brain but by the spinal cord.

Sense Organs

• There are several organs in the body that receive the external and internal stimuli and convey it to the brain and spinal cord.

• The main sense organs are Eye, Ear, Skin, Tongue, Nose, etc.

Digestive System

• Digestion involves splitting of food molecules by hydrolysis into smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract.

• Man and other animals have holozoic nutrition (i.e. take solid form of food).

• Digestion process takes place in following five steps

(i) Ingestion of food
(ii) Digestion of food
(iii) Absorption of digested food
(iv) Assimilation
(v) Egestion of unwanted food

Ingestion of Food

• Food is taken through mouth cavity.

• It is masticated by teeth and swallowed.

• Ingestion takes place in buccal cavity.

• Salivary glands lubricate the food and binds the food particles together to form bolus.

• Salivery gland have starch splitting enzyme ptyalin.

Digestion of Food

• Process of converting complex, insoluble, food particles into simple solube and absorbable form is called digestion.

• In mouth, salivary amylase acts on starch.
  Starch Maltose
  Complexform Simpleform

Digestion in Stomach

• The food passes down through the oesophagus into stomach.

• Now food is mixed with gastric juice and hydrochloric acid which disinfects the food and creates acidic medium.

• Pepsin digests proteins and converts them into peptones.

• Renin converts milk to curd.

• Digested food now is called chyme.

Digestion in Small Intestine

• Chyme moves to duodenum.

• Food is mixed with bile (liver) to breakdown fats into smaller globules.

• Trypsin acts upon proteins and breaks them into peptides.

• Amylase converts starch into simple sugar.

• Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

• Food passes into ileum and mixes with intestinal juice.

• Maltase converts maltose into glucos

• Lactase converts lactose into glucose.

• Sucrase converts sucrose into glucose.

• Trypsin digests the peptides into amino acids.

• Food now is called chyle.

Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food

• Ileum’s internal surface has finger-like folds called villi.

• There is a dense network of blood capillaries and lymph capillaries in each villus.

• It helps in absorption of food.

Egestion of Unwanted Food

• Digested food passes into large intestine.

• Large intestine cannot absorb food, but absorbs much of the water.

• The remaining semi solid waste is called faeces and is passed into rectum.

• It is expelled out through anus.

Dentition

• There are 32 permanent teeth in man (2123/2123 - Dental Formula).

• These are of four types
  o Incisors : (for cutting) four in numbers.
  o Canines : (for tearing) two in numbers.
  o Premolar : (for grinding) four in numbers.
  o Molars : (for grinding) six in numbers.

• In children, there are 20 teeth, which are temporary in nature (2120/2120 – Dental Formula).

• In elephants the tusks are the incisors of upper jaw.

• Maximum number of teeth are present in horse and pig.

• Hardest part in the body is tooth enamel.

• Main bulk of tooth is formed of dentine.

Digestion System

Animal Diseases, Human Diseases And Deficiency Diseases Animal Disease

Human Diseases

Diseases caused by Protozoa :

Diseases caused by Bacteria :

Diseases caused by Viruses :

Diseases caused by Fungus :

Deficiency Diseases:

Common Body Disorders

• Allergy : A special reaction to a certain substance such as pollen or certain foods (causing sneeze, skin rashes, etc.) Allergy can be from any material, even by colours, etc.

• Arthritis : Inflammation of joints.

• Asthma : A respiratory disorder caused by narrowing of bronchial tubes. It can be caused by infection or due to allergy.

• Bronchitis : Inflammation of bronchial tubes caused by bacteria or virus.

• Cancer : An abnormal growth of body cells, often resulting in a malignant tumour.

• Diabetes Mellitus : Excess sugar in the body, when the body is not able to control the level of blood sugar due to malfunctioning of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas when it produces inadequate insulin.

• Epilepsy : Unwarned and periodic loss of consciousness along with convulsions, due to nervous disorders.

• Mumps : An acute infection particularly in children and young adults in which there is swelling of parotid gland associated with high fever.

• Hepatitis : Any infectious or inflammatory disease of the liver commonly identified by its primary symptoms of jaundice.

• Hernia : A weakness of the muscle surrounding an organ allowing it to bulge through, often found in the groin.

• Jaundice : Excesssive bilirubin (present in bile juice secreted by liver) in the blood, causes yellowing of eyes, skin and even urine.

• Leukemia: Blood cancer.

• Measles: A contagious disease caused by virus, red rashes appear on the body along with fever.

• Migraine: A type of a headache followed by disturbed vision and speech accompanied by nausea.

• Pellagra: A disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B4 (Niacin). Its symptoms are 3D’s: Diarrhoea, Dermatosis, Dementila

• Osteomalacia: A disease caused by shortage of Vitamin D (calciferol) which results in softening of bones, frequent fractures and bending of the backbone.

• Pleurisy : Inflammation of the membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity.

• Rabies : A viral disease transmitted by the saliva of infected animals, symptoms include convulsions and repulsion to water (hydrophobia).

• Ringworm : A skin disease causing circular swellings on the skin. Transmitted through air-borne pores and contact with infected person.

• Slipped disc : A painful condition in which a cartilage disc in the spine is displaced putting pressure on the nearest nerve.

• Small pox : A contagious viral disease, common among children, symptoms are rashes on skin. This disease has been eradicated from the whole world due to the efforts of WHO.

• Thrombosis : Formation of blood clot in a blood vessel or in the heart causing death.

• Ulcer : An inflamed open sore on the skin, or on the membrane of a body cavity. Peptic ulcer is a condition in which ulcer is there in the food pipe causing burning sensations.

Common Drugs

• Anaesthetics : Drugs that block sensory nerves and make the patient fully unconscious to prevent him from feeling pain. In case of local anaesthesia a particular area is made senseless temporarily.

• Analgesics : Drugs used to prevent or relieve pain like aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid).

• Antibiotics : Drugs used to prevent growth of body germs and to destroy them as soon as possible. Most common drugs under this category are penicillin, tetramycetin, etc.

• Antihistamines : These drugs are used to relieve symptoms of asthma, hay fever and other allergies.

• Antipyretics : Drugs used- to lower body temperature.

• Hormones : Drugs used to combat hormone deficiency that causes diseases. Drugs like insulin or adrenaline come under this category.

• Narcotics : Drugs that deaden the nervous system and prevent a person from feeling pain, Eg : Opium and its derivatives such as codeine, heroin, morphine, etc.

• Sedatives : Drugs used to induce sleep.

• Tranquillizers : Drugs that calm nervous system and prevent worry, tension, etc.
   

Nuclear/Atomc Research Centre

Atomic Research Reactors

1. Apsara
2. Cirus
3. Zerlina
4. Purnima I
5. Purnima II
6. Dhruwa
7. Kamini

Space Centres

Computer

• A computer is an information-processing and information-accessing tool. This means that a computer accepts some information or data from the outside world. It processes it to produce a new information.
• Meaning of Computer: The word computer has derived from an English word ‘Compute’, which means ‘to calculate’.
• Computer is an electronic device which processes the input informations according to the given set of instructions, called program.
• Blaise Pascal had developed the first mechanical calculator in 1642 AD, which is called ‘Pascalene’.
• British scientist Charles Babbage was the first person to conceive an automatic calculator or a computer in 1833. He is called the ‘Father of modern computer’.
• The credit of developing first computer program goes to Lady Ada Augusta, a student of Babbage.
• Herman Holorith prepared an electronic tabulating machine in 1880, which was automatically functional with the help of Punch Card. This Punch Card is used in computer even today.
• Howard Ekin developed the first mechanical computer ‘Mark-I’ in 1937.
• J.P. Ekart and John Moschley invented world’s first electronic computer ‘ENIAC-1’ in 1946 and paved the way for first revolution in the field of calculating machine or computer. Electronic Valve or Vaccum Tube was used as a switch in the computer.
• John Van Newman invented EDVAC (Electronic Descrete Variable Computer) in 1951, in which he used Stored Program. The credit of using Binary System in computers also goes to him. Indeed Mr. Newman contributed most in the development of computer and thus gave a right direction to the Computer Revolution (Second Revolution).

Super Computers developed in the World

Super Computers developed in India

Five Generations of Computer:

Types of Computer : According to size and capacity, there are four types of Computer:

Micro Computer : These computers are used by individual, thus also called PC or Personal Computer. These days PCs are largely used for domestic and official purposes etc.

Mini Computer : This type of computer is comparatively larger than that of micro computer. This is 5 to 50 times more powerful than that of a Micro Computer.

Main Frame Computer : These are large sized computers. By Time Sharing and Multi Tasking techniques, many people rather more than 100 people can work at a time on different terminals of this computer.

Super Computer : These are very powerful computers and have more storage capacity. These are the most expensive and the fastest computers, able to process most complex jobs with a very high speed.

Quantum Computer : The development of this type of final stage. Probably Quantum Computers will be more advanced than that of human brain. In Quantum Computers, Q-Bit will be used in line of Binary Bits.

Programming Languages of different generations:

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